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<title>Stipule</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stipule</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, a <b>stipule</b> is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>). They are primarily found among <a href="Dicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicots">dicots</a> and rare among <a href="Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">monocots</a>. Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> of a typical <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a>, although in many species they may be inconspicuous —or sometimes entirely absent, and the leaf is then termed <i><b>exstipulate</b></i>. At the other end of the scale are species like <i><a href="Artocarpus_elasticus" title="Artocarpus elasticus">Artocarpus elasticus</a></i> where the stipules can be up to eight inches (twenty cm) in length. (In some older botanical writing, the term "stipule" was used more generally to refer to any small leaves or leaf-parts, notably <a href="Prophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophyll">prophylls</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>stipule</i> was coined by <a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-CED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>stipula</i>, straw, stalk.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_stipules">Types of stipules</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2></div>

<p>The position of stipules on a plant varies widely from species to species, though they are often located near the base of a leaf. Stipules are most common on dicotyledons, where they appear in pairs alongside each leaf. Some monocotyledon plants display stipule-like structures, but only display one per leaf. A relationship exists between the anatomy of the stem node and the presence or absence of stipules: most plants with <i>trilacunar</i> <a href="Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">nodes</a> have stipules; species with <i>unilacunar</i> nodes lack stipules.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Stipules are morphologically variable and might appear as <a href="Gland_(botany)" title="Gland (botany)">glands</a>, scales, <a href="Trichome" title="Trichome">hairs</a>, <a href="Spine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine (botany)">spines</a>, or laminar (leaf-like) structures.

</p><p>If a single stipule goes all the way around the stem, it is known as an <a href="Ochrea" title="Ochrea">ochrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_duration">According to duration</h3></div>

<p>The three types of stipules according to duration are <a href="Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">caducous</a>, <a href="Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and persistent. Caducous stipules fall off before the leaf unfolds, while deciduous stipules fall off immediately after the leaf unfolds. Persistent stipules remain attached to the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_shape,_size_and_position">According to shape, size and position</h3></div>

<p>Stipules can be considered free lateral, adnate, interpetiolar, intrapetiolar, ochreate, foliaceous, bud scales, tendrillar or spiny.

</p><p>A stipule can be fused to the stem, or to the other stipule from the same node.

</p><p>A stipule is "adnate" if it's fused together on part of the petiole length, but the anterior is still free.

</p><p>A stipule is "interpetiolar" if it is located in between the petioles, as opposed to being attached to the petioles, and generally one stipule from each leaf is fused together, so it appears that there's just one stipule between each leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A stipule is "intrapetiolar" if it is located in the angle that is between a stem and a petiole. In this case, the two stipules generally form together and appear to be one stipule.

</p><p>A stipule is "ochreate" if a single stipule appears to be a solid tube that goes all the way around the stem.

</p><p>A stipule is "foliaceous" if it is leaf-like. These are generally used to photosynthesize.

</p><p>A stipule is considered a "bud scale" if it is hard or scaly and protects leaf buds as they form. These generally fall off as soon as the leaf unfolds.

</p><p>A stipule is considered "tendrillar" if they are long thin tendrils, and are generally used by climbing plants.

</p><p>A stipule is considered "spiny" if they are long and pointy. These are generally used to deter animals.

</p><p>A stipule is considered to be "abaxial", "counter" or "leaf opposed" if it is located on the opposite side to where the leaf meets the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_of_stipules">Purpose of stipules</h2></div>

<p>Stipules have various functions. Some stipules are not well understood or may be vestigial.

</p><p>It is known that foliaceous stipules are used like leaves to make energy for the plants. Sometimes stipules protect the next leaf or bud as it grows in then falls off after the leaf unfolds, as with <a href="Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Tulip Poplars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stipules can be used as climbing tendrils by climbing plants. Spiny stipules can be used to help protect the plant from animals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGoebel,_K.E.v.1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goebel, K.E.v. (1969) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organographyofpl02goeb"><i>Organography of plants, especially of the Archegoniatae and Spermaphyta</i></a>. Vol. Part 2 Special organography. Translated by I.B. Balfour. New York: Hofner publishing company.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-CED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CED_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concise English Dictionary</i> Wordsworth Editions Ltd. 1994, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85326-328-1</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott,_E._W.I._W._Bailey1914" class="citation journal cs1">Sinnott, E. W. & I. W. Bailey (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/312592">"Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. 3. Nodal anatomy and the morphology of stipules"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>1</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>453. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2435043">10.2307/2435043</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2435043">2435043</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Adrian D. (2008-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC&q=stipule&pg=PA76"><i>Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology</i></a>. Timber Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>79. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780881928501</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083947/https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC&q=stipule&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDarby1860" class="citation book cs1">Darby, John (1860-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/botanysoutherns00darbgoog"><i>Botany of the Southern States</i></a>. A.S. Barnes & H.L. Burr. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/botanysoutherns00darbgoog/page/n64">59</a>–61. <q>Caducous, Deciduous and Persistent stipules.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWykWyk2007" class="citation book cs1">Wyk, Braam Van; Wyk, Piet Van (2007-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HOmOElZL6IC&q=stipule&pg=PA33"><i>How to Identify Trees in Southern Africa</i></a>. Struik. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>36. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781770072404</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/science/what-are-stipules-and-what-are-its-types/4494/">"What are Stipules and what are its types ?"</a>. <i>PublishYourArticles.net - Publish Your Articles Now</i>. 2012-02-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302180420/https://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/science/what-are-stipules-and-what-are-its-types/4494/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1874" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robert (1874-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21931902"><i>A Manual of Botany: Anatomical and Physiological for the Use of Students</i></a>. Blackwood. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21931902/page/149">149</a>–152. <q>stipule.</q></cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div>

<ul><li>Esau, K. 1953. Plant Anatomy. Second Edition. <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>, Inc., New York, London, Sidney. 767 pp.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208113718/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/shootfeatures/generalstructure/stipules/index.html">Stipules and stipels</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stipules" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Stipules">Stipules</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304216#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304216#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata868" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4604926-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stipules (Botany)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85128164">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536424105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/ba2839f4-0a9e-4334-bd5d-5dffab524afb">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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